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There are thousands of applications that you can find there in several categories offering a wide variety of options to the consumers. There are certain third- party apps provided at the Android Market by the developers to the users which you can easily download and install. The download size information will also be given so that you can proceed when you feel like your Internet / broadband via Wifi or 3. G data plan has got good speed. You can create a cool collection for yourself by downloading these apps that are available there for free. Step By Step Instructions : 1. First you need to copy the . SD memory card of your Android device either by using a data cable transfer mode or by taking out the chip to assemble with the card reader accessory and later insert it back into the mobile. Ofcourse if your friend is having an application on his phone then you can even make safe use of Bluetooth option for transferring apk files between two mobiles. The choice is all yours. 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D& B - 2. 65 (3. House - 7. 46 (1. Trance - 3. 97 (5. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. Industrial - 1. 17 (1. A Robot Captured Photos of What Might Be Melted Nuclear Fuel Inside Fukushima's Reactor No. One of the several brave robots to make one- way trips into Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant’s severely damaged reactors has accomplished what its less fortunate compatriots did not, sending back photos of what appears to be melted nuclear fuel from the interior of the ruined facility. The remotely controlled Toshiba robot, which is similar in design to a submarine, managed to gain some glimpses of “a hardened black, grey and orange substance” pooled below reactor No. Bloomberg reported on Friday. Officials with Tokyo Electric Power Co. Holdings Inc. believe the substance is the remains of atomic fuel rods, which melted through and fused with other structural components of the reactor. Identifying precisely where the melted- down materials are, and what they are composed of, is critical to the ongoing Tepco cleanup efforts. Never before have we taken such clear pictures of what could be melted fuel,” utility official Takahiro Kimoto told reporters, per Bloomberg. We believe that the fuel melted and mixed with the metal directly underneath it. And it is highly likely that we have filmed that on Friday.” After the 2. Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami triggered the plant’s meltdown, over 1. The reactors at Fukushima remain extremely dangerous: In February 2. Club toy // kÖnigstrasse 51 // 70173 stuttgart // [email protected] // www.toy-stuttgart.de. No. 2 reached at least 6. Tepco robots. While the cleanup is expected to take decades and has an estimated $7. Search metadata Search full text of books Search TV captions Search archived web sites Advanced Search. PHILIP. Philip Michael Andersson aka Dj Philip started his deejay career in 1989 as an all-round deejay, playing all kinds of music from new wave to reggae at local.
RIP, Microsoft Paint. MS Paint, the first app you used for editing images, will probably be killed off in future updates of Windows 1. Paint 3. D. Microsoft lists the 3. Windows 1. 0’s next autumn update, a little X marking the end of an era. The app is certainly a relic, from a time when the casual computer user couldn’t crack open Photoshop or Skitch or Pixelmator or thousands of web apps. MS Paint can’t save image components as layers or vectors; it’s for making flat static images only. It doesn’t smooth lines or guess at your best intentions. It does what you tell it and nothing more, faithfully representing the herky- jerky motion of drawing freehand with a computer mouse. It’s from a time before touch, a time before trackpads. As more sophisticated options appeared, Paint’s janky aesthetic became a conscious choice. Using VISTA Browser. VISTA Browser requires Java 1.2 or better. If you experience problems such as a gray screen with no browser, an empty window, etc. you need to. Looking up directions on Google Maps is a little clunky on the desktop. You have to select your starting location, your destination, and your method of transport. But. Paint” became the metonym for that aesthetic, even if an image was actually created in another app. TV Tropes lists major limitations that came to define a certain look: the wobbly freehand lines, awkward color handling, and inappropriate export settings that give Paint its distinctive look. In 2. 01. 4, Gawker’s Sam Biddle noted Paint’s influence on conspiracy theory images, calling the form “Chart Brut.” In amateur detectives’ attempts at identifying the Boston Marathon bombers, the simplicity and jaggedness of Paint evokes the “crazy wall” aesthetic of red string and scribbled notes, apparently without irony. The same year, internet historian Patrick Davison explored Paint’s influence on the last decade of meme culture, particularly Rage Comics. The outsider- art aesthetic feels appropriate to the relatable everyday content, and makes the art form unthreatening. Of course, Paint offered a few features to smooth things out, like the circle and line tools and the “fill” tool, all used in the stoner comics of the early 1. Crucially, those circles still had jagged curves. The bright colors of stoner comics are flat, as MS Paint didn’t support gradients (without an elaborate hack). Contrast those pixellated lines with the slick, stylish face from this art tutorial: This slickness is built into Paint’s successor, Paint 3. D. From the moment you start sketching, Paint 3. D smooths out your art. It also supports automatic selection tools and content- aware fill to rival Photoshop’s.)By automatically improving art, Paint 3. D hides the process behind the image. Paint’s sloppiness is probably why rage comics got so popular. Looking at a rage comic, you can tell exactly how it was drawn, and how you might draw one yourself. By delivering exactly what the artist draws, MS Paint forms an image that the viewer can mentally reverse- engineer and imitate. Unless you go absolutely nuts with it. Reddit user Toweringhorizon painstakingly assembled the drawing “To a Little Radio” using MS Paint tools like the oil brush, stretching the medium while maintaining a pixelated look. It’s one of the top submissions to MS Paint subreddit, a beautiful collaborative art gallery. Scrolling through this art feels like flipping through the sketchbook of the most artistic kid in high school. There’s an accepted roughness, a desired minimalism. For example, the exquisite raindrops in the work above are reflected in a flat, featureless tabletop. Like a transistor radio, Paint might be showing its age, but this tenacious little gadget should not be underestimated.“To a Little Radio” doesn’t even come close to testing Paint’s limits. As we say goodbye to the app that shaped an era, let us watch this bizarrely soundtracked time lapse of drawing Santa Claus in MS Paint on Windows 7 over the course of 5. We can only believe this is real because faking it would be even harder. Note: You can test if you need the capturing technologies available in RipTiger Ultimate (Advanced Video Ripping and Advanced Video Interceptor) for specific web. Please send us a message via the online form, and our support team will answer you within 1-2 days. But in most cases you'll get our response in a few hours or. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service.Fusion of Secure IPsec- Based Virtual Private Network, Mobile Computing and Rich Multimedia Technology. An application of IPsec stack of data exchange protocols in virtual private networks proved to be one of the most reliable and efficient security technologies to provide data protection, confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and access control in computer networks. This chapter presents the outcomes of multi- aspect research project aimed to design and develop IPsec- based mobile virtual private network environments for highly effective, in terms of both security and performance, communications in Web- based rich multimedia systems, including conceptual, design, architectural, and performance modeling of those systems. Keywords. IPsec protocols Virtual private network technology Mobile computing Rich multimedia systems and technology. Where are my icons in Windows 7? In previous versions of Windows when I right click on a shortcut and dived in to change the icon the initial list populated with a whole catalog of default icons. On Windows 7 (RTM) here is what I see: I found those icons useful when making shortcuts to web applications. Any idea where I can find them?! I had a little "Browse.." but couldn't find much. Edit: You've all so far provided excellent answers, thanks - unfortunately I can't pick you all as the right one! Three of the files you mentioned have had equally useful sets of DLLs: %System. Root%\system. 32\imageres. System. Root%\system. System. Root%\system. DDORes. dll. %System. Root%\System. 32\moricons. Taskbar - Wikipedia. A taskbar is an element of a graphical user interface which has various purposes. It typically shows which programs are currently running. The specific design and layout of the taskbar varies between individual operating systems, but generally assumes the form of a long strip along one edge of the screen. On this strip are various icons which correspond to the windows open within a program. Clicking these icons allow the user to easily switch between programs or windows, with the currently active program or window usually appearing differently from the rest. In more recent versions of operating systems, users can also "pin" programs or files so that they can be accessed quickly, often with a single click. Due to its prominence on the screen, the taskbar usually also has a notification area, which uses interactive icons to display real- time information about the state of the computer system and some of the programs active on it. With the rapid development of operating systems and graphical user interfaces in general, more OS- specific elements have become integrated into and become key elements of the taskbar. Early implementations[edit]Windows 1. Windows 1. 0, released in 1. A window can be minimized by double- clicking its title bar, dragging it onto an empty spot on the bar, or by issuing a command from one of its menus. A minimized window is restored by double- clicking its icon or dragging the icon out of the bar. The bar features multiple slots for icons and expands vertically to provide with more rows as more slots are needed. Its color is the same as that of the screen background, which can be customized. Minimized windows can be freely placed in any of the empty slots. Program windows cannot overlap the bar unless maximized. Appearance of the bar used for holding minimized windows in Windows 1. Another early implementation can be seen in the Arthur operating system from Acorn Computers. Windows 10 1607 (Anniversary Update) provides new ways to manage the pinned apps on a user's Taskbar. In this post, I explain how you can deploy a Taskbar. It is called the icon bar[1] and remains an essential part of Arthur's succeeding RISC OS operating system. The icon bar holds icons which represent mounted disc drives and RAM discs, running applications and system utilities. These icons have their own context- sensitive menus and support drag and drop behaviour. Appearance of Acorn's icon bar in 1. Arthur, after launching a number of devices and applications. Amiga. OS featured various third party implementations of the taskbar concept, and this inheritance is present also in its successors.
For example, Ami. Dock, born as third- party utility, has then been integrated into Amiga. OS 3. 9 and Amiga. OS 4. 0.[2] The AROS operating system has its version of Amistart that is provided with the OS and free to be installed by users, while Morph. OS has been equipped with a dock utility just like in Amiga. OS or Mac OS X. Microsoft Windows[edit]The default settings for the taskbar in Microsoft Windows place it at the bottom of the screen and includes from left to right the Start menu button, Quick Launch bar, taskbar buttons, and notification area. The Quick Launch toolbar was added with the Windows Desktop Update and is not enabled by default in Windows XP. Windows 7 removed the Quick Launch feature in favor of pinning applications to the taskbar itself. On Windows 8 and Windows Server 2. Start button, although this change was reverted in Windows 8. Windows Server 2. R2. The taskbar was originally developed as a feature of Windows 9. Microsoft's Cairo project.[3][4][5]With the release of Windows XP, Microsoft changed the behavior of the taskbar to take advantage of Fitts's law by removing a border of pixels surrounding the Start button which did not activate the menu, allowing the menu to be activated by clicking directly in the corner of the screen.[6]. The first implementation of the Windows taskbar in Windows 9. A standard Windows XP taskbar with multiple tasks running. Note the Quick Launch toolbar, introduced in Windows 9. When the notification area is full, it can be expanded. The taskbar in Windows 7 hides application names in favor of large icons that can be "pinned" to the taskbar even when not running. Unlike Windows Vista and Windows XP's notification area, users have a choice to show all their notifications or get a small pop- up window, showing the user notifications without expanding. Taskbar elements[edit]The Start button, a button that invokes the Start menu (or the Start screen in Windows 8. It appears in Windows 9x, Windows NT 4. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2. The Quick Launch bar, introduced on Windows 9. Windows NT 4. 0 through the Windows Desktop Update for Internet Explorer 4 and bundled with Windows 9. Windows provides default entries, such as Launch Internet Explorer Browser, and the user or third- party software may add any further shortcuts that they choose. A single click on the application's icon in this area launches the application. This section may not always be present: for example it is turned off by default in Windows XP and Windows 7. The Windows shell places a taskbar button on the taskbar whenever an application creates an unowned window: that is, a window that does not have a parent and that is created according to normal Windows user interface guidelines. Typically all Single Document Interface applications have a single taskbar button for each open window, although modal windows may also appear there. Windows 9. 8 and Windows Desktop Update for Windows 9. Windows 2. 00. 0 introduced balloon notifications. Windows Me added an option to disable moving or resizing the taskbar. Windows XP introduced taskbar grouping, which can group the taskbar buttons of several windows from the same application into a single button. This button pops up a menu listing all the grouped windows when clicked. This keeps the taskbar from being overcrowded when many windows are open at once. Windows Vista introduced window previews which show thumbnail views of the application in real- time. This capability is provided by the Desktop Window Manager. The Start menu tooltip no longer says "Click here to begin" but now says simply "Start". Windows 7 introduced jumplists which are menus that provide shortcuts to recently opened documents, frequently opened documents, folders paths (in case of Windows Explorer), or various options (called Tasks) which apply to that specific program or pinned website shortcut. Jump lists appear when the user right- clicks on an icon in the taskbar or drags the icon upwards with the mouse left click. Recent and frequent files and folders can be pinned inside the jump list. Windows 7 introduced the ability to pin applications to the taskbar so that buttons for launching them appear when they are not running. Previously, the Quick Launch was used to pin applications to the taskbar; however, running programs appeared as a separate button. Windows 7 removed several classic taskbar features. Deskbands are minimized functional, long- running programs, such as Windows Media Player. Programs that minimize to deskbands are not displayed in the taskbar.[7]The notification area is the portion of the taskbar that displays icons for system and program features that have no presence on the desktop as well as the time and the volume icon. It contains mainly icons that show status information, though some programs, such as Winamp, use it for minimized windows. By default, this is located in the bottom- right of the primary monitor (or bottom- left on languages of Windows that use right- to- left reading order), or at the bottom of the taskbar if docked vertically. The clock appears here, and applications can put icons in the notification area to indicate the status of an operation or to notify the user about an event. For example, an application might put a printer icon in the status area to show that a print job is under way, or a display driver application may provide quick access to various screen resolutions. The notification area is commonly referred to as the system tray, which Microsoft states is wrong,[8][9] although the term is sometimes used in Microsoft documentation,[1. Microsoft such as Bing Desktop. Raymond Chen suggests the confusion originated with systray. Windows 9. 5.[5] The notification area is also referred to as the status area by Microsoft.[1. In older versions of Windows the notification area icons were limited to 1. Windows Me added support for high color notification area icons. Starting with Windows XP, the user can choose to always show or hide some icons, or hide them if inactive for some time. PC gaming hardware | PC Gamer. PC Gamer is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Visit our corporate site.©. Future US, Inc. One Lombard Street, Suite 2. San Francisco. California. Porsche’s new Panamera is a brutally handsome car. As today’s Nice Price or Crack Pipe ’11 attests however, the first generation was far less of an aesthetic.
Is Coconut Oil Bad For You? Some who profit from coconut oil claim it has miraculous powers, curing everything from cancer to jock itch. The boldest claim may be that it is a potential cure for Alzheimer’s, based on a series of anecdotes and one study I profile in my 3- min video Does Coconut Oil Cure Alzheimer’s? Long story short, as the Alzheimer’s Association put it, “there is no scientific evidence that coconut oil helps with Alzheimer’s. The coconut oil promise has been around for more than three years. If the administration of coconut oil was, indeed, beneficial, it would presumably be shouted from every mountaintop.”I don’t find that argument entirely convincing. For example, we’ve known for decades that our leading cause of death is preventable and reversible (see Our Number One Killer Can Be Stopped), yet the medical community continues to rely more on drugs and surgery. Why? Well they likely weren’t taught clinical nutrition in medical school (Medical School Nutrition Education), or after medical school (Medical Associations Oppose Bill to Mandate Nutrition Training), and the medical establishment has shown a disturbing inertia even when presented with convincing evidence (The Tomato Effect). The difference is that coconut oil doesn’t have the data to back it up. What’s the potential downside of giving coconut oil a try? I cover that in my 5- min. Does Coconut Oil Clog Arteries? Unlike other natural remedies, such as the spice saffron that was able to beat out placebo (Saffron for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s) and seemed to work as well as a leading drug without the side effects (Saffron Versus Aricept), coconut oil is one of the rare plant sources of saturated fat. Primarily found in animal- derived foods, saturated fat tends to increase LDL (“bad” cholesterol), the leading risk factor for our leading killer, heart disease. So hey, if you want to try it on someone with Alzheimer’s for a few days to see if it makes a difference, fine. I’d try almost anything! But if, as expected, you don’t see an improvement, I would be hesitant to keep anyone on it long- term. Those selling coconut oil say one needn’t worry because coconut oil contains a type of saturated fat that doesn’t raise cholesterol. That’s a page straight out of the beef industry playbook: The National Cattlemen’s Beef Association is always going on about how beef contains a saturated fat called stearic acid. Unlike the cholesterol- elevating saturated fats (palmitic, myristic, and lauric acids), stearic acid has been shown to have a neutral effect on blood cholesterol. That’s true, and beef does have stearic acid, but it has twice as much of the palmitic and myristic, which they admit does raise cholesterol. That’s like coca cola saying they know for a fact that soda doesn’t make you gain weight because it contains water and water has a neutral effect on weight gain (which they actually did say!). Yeah, but that’s not the only thing in it, and the same with beef, and the same with coconut oil. Watch the video to see the saturated fat breakdown of coconut oil. Years ago I profiled a study that found that cholesterol levels were significantly lower during a coconut oil diet—but only when compared to a butter diet. You know you have a bad product when the only way you can make it look good is to compare it to diets rich in butter. Yes, coconut oil made bad cholesterol go up, but not as bad as butter. But how much is that really saying? Reminds me of the “compared to pork” study in Nuts and Bolts of Cholesterol Lowering). That was all the science we had for ten years, but four new studies have recently come out: a population study and three clinical trials, all of which I detail in Does Coconut Oil Clog Arteries? The bottom line is that the best available evidence is that coconut oil significantly worsens our bad cholesterol levels. What about those that say the cholesterol- heart disease connection is a myth? Allow me to quote from a medical journal editorial entitled “Cholesterol Myth Club on Par with Flat Earth Society,” which reads “as mixed up as Flat Earth Society members obviously are, at least you can laugh their dumb idea off, and if you want to believe the Earth is flat, this view is not going to cause serious problems like…coronary artery disease.” More in my book Carbophobia, now available free, full- text online. More on meat industry hijinks in: -Michael Greger, M. D. PS: If you haven’t yet, you can subscribe to my videos for free by clicking here and watch my full 2. Uprooting the Leading Causes of Death, More than an Apple a Day, From Table to Able, and Food as Medicine. Some who profit from coconut oil claim it has miraculous powers, curing everything from cancer to jock itch. The boldest claim may be that it is a potentia. Etymology. The word whiskey (or whisky) is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word uisce (or uisge) meaning "water" (now written as uisce in Irish Gaelic, and. DIY Ice-Cream Parlour "Make your own Sundaes" Buffet Concept for a Wedding or Party | September 01, 2009. The quality and condition of the veg-oil is much more important with an SVO system than if you're going to convert the oil into biodiesel. New, unused SVO is the best. The U.S. Office of Personnel Management develops policy and provides guidance to Federal agencies regarding Reduction in Force (RIF). This page serves as a portal to. Discussing LGBT rights in conservative religious communities can be particularly challenging, both for people who are newly out and for those of us who simply wish. Like most celestial happenings throughout history, eclipses were often interpreted as signs of the apocalypse. Luckily, these pessimistic prognostications never. The Gold Confiscation Issue: History and Future Predictions. No subject related to gold is more debated than the possibility that gold may again be confiscated by the US Government during times of economic crisis. The very mention of this topic to the die hard "gold- bugs" causes them to panic, lose sleep, overload their blood pressure monitor and question the wisdom of their gold investments. Prophets and pundits of every ilk have written endless elaborate essays at both extremes suggesting "they will never do it" or "it's a slam- dunk guarantee that they will". As you can imagine, this issue may be the single largest deterrent to purchasing physical gold coins as protection against economic catastrophe in the wake of a US dollar collapse. We will examine the arguments in detail in this section. We will present both sides of the issue in all their bombastic glory without bias and help you decide for yourself. But, unlike a good mystery novel, we will tell you the ending now: Absolutely no one knows what the US Government will do during times of complete economic and civil chaos. If the worst- case financial scenario unfolds (a complete collapse and repudiation of the US Dollar by our foreign creditors), every previous court ruling, law or custom can be changed by a single stroke of an ink- pen at the bottom of a Presidential Executive Order (PEO). We pray that this does not occur. Since any intelligent and sober- minded financial advisor will admit this, they have to frame their advice along the lines of probability and relative risk. With a cloudy crystal ball, we proceed…First, A Little History. Notice we said in the first line of this section above "…may again be confiscated…" What? Again? When did they do it? Why? Not many of us were alive in the early 1. Unless we are familiar with the history of the issue, we would know little about it. Dozens of books have been written about the causes of the stock crash and ensuing worldwide depression. While it is well beyond the scope of our study but very much related, we will try to provide enough background information to frame our discussion. During the absolute bottom of the gut- wrenching depression which followed the collapse of the US stock market on 2. October, 1. 92. 9 ("Black Thursday"), President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected. He called Congress into an emergency session on March 5, 1. The House and Senate quickly passed the rather noble sounding law titled: "An Act To Provide Relief In The Existing National Emergency In Banking, And For Other Purposes"How lovely at first glance. If you didn't know what it really meant (as most of the US public certainly did not), it sounded like magnificent medicine for the current sickness of the depression. Everyone agreed that there was a national emergency. So some new rule or law to provide "emergency relief for the banks", has to be a good thing, right? Citizens always look to their government for help in times of distress. Even when their own government was much more a part of the problem than the solution in the first place. This paved the way for sweeping, unparalleled confiscation of private property from law abiding citizens in the history of the United States. President Roosevelt wasted no time in flexing his new muscles. He signed Executive Order 6. April 5th, 1. 93. Executive Order 6. August 2. 8th, 1. Order 6. 26. 0 revoked and superceded 6. These laws in short order made it illegal (a federal crime with outrageous penalties of a $1. US citizen seeking to protect his wealth by simply possessing physical gold coins or bullion which were lawfully, abundantly and freely in circulation! Can you imagine that? Our Government made it illegal to do one of the only things that would have guaranteed economic survival for American citizens wise enough to save a portion of their wealth in gold during one of the darkest economic chapters in our history. Keeping gold would have immediately almost doubled their purchasing power at a time when they would have needed it most. Franklin Roosevelt blew out the only candle available to ordinary citizens struggling woefully in the dark days of the depression. Amazing. U. S. citizens, if they had been allowed to own gold, would have automatically almost doubled their money a few months later. How? Well, Just 8 months later, new Federal legislation known as the Gold Reserve Act of 1. January, 1. 93. 4 revalued gold versus the dollar. The official price was raised from $2. USD per ounce to $3. USD per ounce. Actually, we all know that gold is the immutable standard. The dollar was devalued. A 2. 0 dollar gold coin could have theoretically been exchanged for 3. This would have help the unemployed and financially ruined citizens of this nation far more than the confiscation of their only possible source of legitimate, honest wealth. I have little doubt that FDR truly "believed" that is his innumerable PEO's, edicts, sweeping changes in the banking industry, public works projects and such were just what America needed. It is also painfully clear that he did not understand free- markets, or the ultimate implications of his price control policies. Use "Google" to research and read his "9 Excerpts From His January 1. Press Conference". Also research the excellent archives of the University Of California at Santa Barbara collectively known as "The American Presidency Project". Then you will quickly realize that he must have simply signed PEO's almost carte- blanche; PEO's that were crafted carefully behind the scenes by the true "kingmakers" who, unlike FDR, knew exactly what they were doing. We should clarify the terms of "confiscation". The US Government did not send armed soldiers house to house to search for and seize gold without compensation. Gold coins that were turned in were exchanged for legal tender Federal Reserve notes (paper money) on a dollar for dollar basis. A $1. 0 gold coin was taken and the presenter given a $1. Gold bullion was evaluated for its purity or fineness and compensated at a rate of $2. This was the official US government figure for what one ounce of gold was "worth" or "priced at" in dollars. Arbitrary? Yes. But it was the gold- dollar exchange rate of the long standing, so- called gold standard. Exchanging gold in other than common coin form was a little trickier because it required assay/testing and some delay between the time the citizen turned it in and payment was made. History is missing on most of the details. However do not forget, with legislation enacted shortly thereafter, all agents the U. S. Secret Service as well as U. S. Customs Officers were specifically authorized to seize gold for violations of the Gold Reserve Act of 1. Only the U. S. gold that escaped these ever- growing- longer- arms of the law made it safely to oversea bank vaults. At any rate, this was a terribly bad trade to the financially knowledgeable, but not really understood by most Americans. They had no clue what had just happened. The law required all citizens to turn in to the government via the banks almost all gold US and foreign coins, bullion (bars, nuggets, dust, etc) and gold certificates within a few weeks after the order was issued. Gold Certificates were a special class of US paper money ("legal tender notes") which could be exchanged for US gold coins upon demand by private citizens at most banks. Only notes clearly marked as gold certificates had to be surrendered. The paper "gold claim" is rather odd; it merely represented a claim on physical gold. The US Government simply could have issued orders to the banking system to refuse to trade the paper for gold coin if presented after the infamous May 1, 1. The paper could have continued to circulate at face value. There were some exceptions to the rules. Special licenses were available from The Secretary of the Treasury via the Federal Reserve banks for certain professionals who used gold in the normal course of their business such as artisans, jewelers, dentists, etc. They were allowed to have only "reasonable" quantities on hand, i. Each US citizen could legally keep a total of $1. US gold coins or US Gold Certificates. A family of four could have kept $4. Banks could continue to deal in it with other banks for international settlement with additional controls and regulation, and store it for others. The wealthy financiers could still play with it in most every manner. Gold mining, refining and exporting companies could of course still deal with it. Just plain folk like you and me couldn't, at least not "legally". Reductions in Force. Learning About the RIF Regulations. One of the most difficult situations in any worker's life is being laid off. In the Federal Government, layoffs are called reduction in force (RIF) actions. When an agency must abolish positions, the RIF regulations determine whether an employee keeps his or her present position, or whether the employee has a right to a different position. This summary discusses the procedures in the RIF regulations. With this summary, employees, managers, collective bargaining representatives, and others will have an overview of both the agency's and its employees' rights in a restructuring situation. The appropriate human resource office in the agency can provide additional information on specific questions relating to RIF policies, options, and entitlements. Legal Basis for the RIF Regulations. The RIF regulations are derived from section 1. Veterans' Preference Act of 1. These laws are codified in sections 3. United States Code (5 U. S. C. 3. 50. 1- 3. OPM implements these statutory requirements through regulations published in part 3. Code of Federal Regulations (5 C. F. R. part 3. 51). The law provides that the RIF regulations must give effect to four retention factors: Tenure of employment (i. Veterans' preference; Total creditable Federal civilian and uniformed service; and. Performance ratings. This summary will cover each factor in more detail. The Agency's Right to Make RIF Decisions. Each agency has the right to decide what positions are abolished, whether a RIF is necessary, and when the RIF will take place. Once the agency makes these decisions, the retention regulations then determine which employee is actually reached for a RIF action. Actions Covered by the RIF Regulations. An agency must use the RIF regulations before separating or demoting an employee because of an organizational reason such as reorganization, including lack of work, shortage of funds, insufficient personnel ceiling, or the exercise of certain reemployment or restoration rights. In fact, virtually all RIF actions are the result of a reorganization (e. A furlough of more than 3. RIF action. (A furlough of 3. An agency may not use the RIF regulations to separate or demote an employee for a personal reason, such as problems with the employee's performance or conduct. The Agency's Right to Reassign Employees. The abolishment of a position does not always require the use of RIF procedures. The agency has the right to avoid a RIF action by simply reassigning an employee to a vacant position at the same grade or pay without regard to the employee's rights under the RIF regulations. The vacant position may be in the same or in a different classification series, line of work, and/or geographic location. The "Summary of Reassignment Under the Regulations" includes additional information on reassignment. Defining the Competitive Area. When preparing for a RIF, the agency defines the "Competitive Area" that establishes the geographical and organizational limits for RIF competition. A competitive area may consist of all or part of an agency. The minimum competitive area is an organization in a local commuting area that is separate from other agency organizations because of differences in operation, work function, staff, and personnel administration. Separate personnel administration is the authority of managers to authorize personnel actions (i. For example, a single personnel office may potentially process actions for multiple competitive areas. At its option, an agency may establish a competitive area larger than the minimum standard. The regulations do not define the maximum size of a competitive area (e. An Inspector General activity covered by the Inspector General Act of 1. If an agency wants to redefine a competitive area within 9. RIF effective date, the agency must obtain OPM's approval for the change. Back to Top. Defining the Local Commuting Area. While defining its competitive area, the agency also defines the appropriate "Local Commuting Area(s)" for the competitive area. A local commuting area usually includes one population center in which employees live and reasonably travel back and forth to work. The regulations do not define a mileage standard for local commuting area. Instead, the agency must apply the regulations and determine what is reasonable for a specific geographic location. Back to Top. Establishing Competitive Levels. Within each competitive area, the agency groups interchangeable positions into "Competitive Levels."Each competitive level includes positions with the same grade, classification series, and official tour of duty (e. For example, otherwise identical full- time and seasonal positions are placed in separate competitive levels even when the agency conducts a RIF while the seasonal employee happens to be working a full- time tour of duty. All positions in a competitive level have interchangeable qualifications, duties, and responsibilities. The agency establishes a competitive level based on employees' official position descriptions, not on the employees' personal qualifications. The agency establishes separate competitive levels for positions filled as part of a formally designated trainee or developmental program. The agency also establishes separate competitive levels for positions filled on competitive service appointments, and for positions filled on excepted service appointments. The agency places two similar positions (e. The agency does not include employees with competitive service temporary appointments in the competitive level because these employees serve at the will of the agency. The agency includes excepted employees with temporary appointments of 1 year or less in the competitive level only after the employee completes more than 1 year of current continuous service under the same type of appointment. Back to Top. Establishing Retention Registers. After grouping interchangeable positions into competitive levels, the agency applies the four retention factors in establishing separate "Retention Registers" for each competitive level that may be involved in the RIF. The terms "Competitive Level" and "Retention Register" generally have the same meaning. Retention Register" is the ranking of employees in the competitive level after the agency applies the four retention factors. The agency lists the name of each employee on the retention register in the order of the employee's relative retention standing. For example, the employee with the highest standing is at the top of the register, and the employee with the lowest standing is at the bottom of the register. Back to Top. Determining Retention Standing- Tenure. Beginning with Group I, the agency ranks competitive service employees on a retention register in three groups according to their types of appointment: Group I - Includes career employees who are not serving on probation. A new supervisor or manager who is serving a probationary period that is required on initial appointment to that type of position is not considered to be serving on probation if the employee previously completed a probationary period. Group II - Includes career‑conditional employees, and career employees who are serving a probationary period because of a new appointment. Group III - Includes employees serving under term and similar non‑status appointments. Retention registers for excepted positions use similar tenure groups. Back to Top. Determining Retention Standing- Veterans' Preference The agency divides each of the three tenure groups into three subgroups based upon employees' entitlement to veterans' preference for RIF purposes: Subgroup AD - Includes veterans who are eligible for RIF preference and who have a compensable service‑connected disability of 3. Subgroup A - Includes veterans eligible for RIF preference who are not eligible for subgroup AD (including eligible spouses, widowers or widowers, and mothers of veterans). Subgroup B - Includes nonveterans and others not eligible for RIF preference in subgroups AD and A. OPM's publication "Vet Guide" has additional information on eligibility for veterans' preference. Vet Guide is available on the OPM website. Back to Top. Determining Retention Standing- Veterans' Preference for Retired Members of the Armed Forces. By law (i. e., the Dual Compensation Act of 1. |
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